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1a. Carbohydrates
1b. Proteins
1c. Lipids
1d. Nucleic Acids
1e. Fundamentals of Biology
2a. Cells (Organelles)
2b. Cell Membrane
2c. Cell Junctions (Movement of Substances)
3. Cellular Energy
4. Photosynthesis
5. Cell Division
6. Molecular Genetics
7. Heredity
8a. Microscopy
8b. Lab Techniques
9. Taxonomy (Diversity of Life)
10. Plant Biology
11a. Circulatory System
11b. Lymphatic System
11c. Respiratory System
11d. Immune System
11e. Nervous System
11f. Muscular System
11g. Skeletal System
11h. Endocrine System
11i. Digestive System (Structure & Function of Systems)
11j. Excretory System
11k. Integumentary System
12. Reproduction (Developmental Biology)
13. Evolution
14. Ecology
15. Animal Behavior
1.1.0 Introduction
1.1.1 Exponents
1.1.2 Multiplication With Exponents
1.1.3 Division With Exponents
1.1.4 Integral Powers of 10
1.1.5 Exponents of 0
1.1.6 Factor Transfer
1.1.7 Fractional Exponent
1.1.8 Exponents and Parenthesis
1.1.9 Extracting Square Root of Power of 10
1.1.10 Mult. & Div of Numbers Expressed as Power of 10
1.2.1 Significant Figures "The Rules"
1.2.2 Exact Numbers
1.2.3 Rounding Off
1.2.4 Addition & Subtraction
1.2.5 Multiplication & Division
1.3.0 Systems of Measurement & SI Units
1.3.1 Systems of Measurement continued
1.3.2 Problems: Units Based on Mass or Length
1.3.3 Problems: Compound Units
1.4.0 Temperature
1.4.1 Problems: Temperature
1.5.0 Dimensional Analysis
2.1.1 Atomic Theory & The Periodic Table
2.2.1 The Nucleus & Atomic Mass
2.3.1 Molar Mass & Avogadro’s Number
2.4.1 Ions & Ionic Compound Naming
2.4.2 Writing Ionic Compound Formulas
2.4.3 Redox Reactions & Oxidation Numbers
2.4.4 Transition Metals in Ionic Compounds
2.4.5 Polyatomic Ions & Naming
2.4.6 Binary Acids
2.4.7 Oxyacids
2.5.1 Covalent Bonds & Covalent Compound Naming
2.6.1 Molecules vs. Compounds
2.7.1 Chemical Formulas & Molecular Mass
2.8.1 The Periodic Table, Isotopes, and Ions
2.8.2 Density & Physical-Chemical Changes
2.8.3 Atomic Mass & Molar Mass
2.8.4 Covalent Bonds, Ionic Bonds, and Acids
2.8.5 Mass, Moles, Atoms, and Molecules
3.1.1 Empirical Formulas
3.2.1 Solving For Molecular Formulas
3.3.1 Percent Composition
3.4.1 Problems: Empirical Formulas, Molecular Formulas, and Percent Composition Part 1
3.4.2 Problems: Empirical Formulas, Molecular Formulas, and Percent Composition Part 2
4.1.1 Writing & Balancing Chemical Reactions
4.1.2 Balancing Chemical Reactions Continued
4.2.1 Chemical Reaction Patterns
4.3.1 Limiting Reactants
4.4.1 Problems: Reaction Patterns, Balancing Chemical Equations, and Limiting Reactants
4.4.2 Problems: Reaction Patterns, Balancing Chemical Equations, and Limiting Reactants (Part 2)
5.1.1 Gases – Volume, Density, and Pressure
5.1.2 Atmospheric Pressure & STP
5.2.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory
5.3.1 Ideal Gases
5.4.1 Boyle’s Law
5.5.1 Charles’s Law
5.6.1 Gay-Lussac’s Law
5.7.1 The Combined Gas Law
5.8.1 Avogadro’s Law & Standard Molar Volume
5.8.2 Gas Volume Interpretations From Equations
5.9.1 Dalton’s Law – Partial Pressures & Mole Fractions
5.9.2 Collecting Gases Over Liquids
5.10.1 The Ideal Gas Law
5.11.1 Gas Stoichiometry
5.12.1 Problems: Pressure Conversions
5.12.2 Problems: Gas Laws
5.12.3 Problems: Gas Density, Ideal Gas Law, and Ideal Standard Gas Density Part 1
5.12.4 Problems: Gas Density, Ideal Gas Law, and Ideal Standard Gas Density Part 2
5.12.5 Problems: Partial Pressures
5.12.6 Problems: Gases Over Liquids, Kinetic Molecular Theory, and Reactions with Gases – Part 1
5.12.7 Problems: Gases Over Liquids, Kinetic Molecular Theory, and Reactions with Gases – Part 2
6.1.1 Heat Energy & Common Units
6.2.1 Heat Flow & Heat Capacity
6.2.2 Heat Capacity vs. Specific Heat Capacity
6.2.3 Measuring Heat Transfer – Calorimetry
6.3.1 Work, Internal Energy, and Enthalpy
6.3.2 Enthalpy Changes – Temperature, Phase, and Chemical
6.4.1 Thermochemistry Fundamentals & Hess’ Law
6.5.1 Problems: Heat Capacity, Calorimetry, and Heating Curves – Part 1
6.5.2 Problems: Heat Capacity, Calorimetry, and Heating Curves – Part 2
6.5.3 Problems: Thermochemical Reactions
7.1.1 Light Characteristics & Bohr’s Atomic Model
7.2.1 The Wave Nature of Electrons and Orbitals
7.2.2 The Pauli Exclusion Principle, Hund’s Rule, and the Aufbau Principle
7.2.3 Determining Electron Configurations
7.3.1 Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy, and Electron Affinity
7.4.1 Problems: Electromagnetic Radiation, Quantum Numbers, Electron Configuration & Periodic Trends (Part 1)
7.4.2 Problems: Electromagnetic Radiation, Quantum Numbers, Electron Configuration & Periodic Trends (Part 2)
8.1.1 Ionic & Covalent Bonds
8.1.2 Lewis Structures, Resonance, and Formal Charges
8.1.3 Polar Molecules & Dipole Moments
8.2.1 Atomic Orbital Shapes, Molecular Orbital Theory, Sigma Bonds, and Bond Order
8.2.2 Pi Bonds, Determining Hybridization, and VSEPR Method
8.2.3 VSEPR Method – Part 1
8.2.4 VSEPR Method – Part 2
8.3.1 Coordinate Covalent Compounds & Naming – Part 1
8.3.2 Coordinate Covalent Compounds & Naming – Part 2
8.4.1 Isomerism
8.5.1 Problems: Ions, Oxidation Numbers, and Lewis Structures (Part 1)
8.5.2 Problems: Ions, Oxidation Numbers, and Lewis Structures (Part 2)
8.6.1 Problems: Formal Change
8.6.2 Problems: Molecular Shapes & Polarity (Part 1)
8.6.3 Problems: Molecular Shapes & Polarity (Part 2)
8.7.1 Problems: Naming Coordinate Covalent Compounds – Part 1
8.7.2 Problems: Naming Coordinate Covalent Compounds – Part 2
8.8.1 Problems: Isomers
9.1.1 REDOX Reactions & Oxidation Numbers
9.1.2 Oxidizing & Reducing Agents
9.2.1 Spectator Ions in REDOX
9.2.2 Balancing REDOX Methods-Half Reaction & Oxidation States
9.3.1 Problems: Oxidation Numbers & Determining REDOX Agents
9.3.2 Problems: Balancing REDOX Reactions – Acidic Solutions (Part 1)
9.3.3 Problems: Balancing REDOX Reactions – Acidic Solutions (Part 2)
9.3.4 Problems: Balancing REDOX Reactions – Basic Solutions (Part 1)
9.3.5 Problems: Balancing REDOX Reactions – Basic Solutions (Part 2)
9.3.6 Problems: REDOX Stoichiometry
10.1.1 Solutions Chemistry – Concentration Units
10.2.1 Dilution of Solution
10.3.1 Chemical Reactions in Standard Solutions
10.4.1 Colligative Properties – Freezing Point Depression & Boiling Point Elevation
10.4.2 Colligative Properties – Vapor Pressure Lowering & Osmotic Pressure
10.5.1 Problems: Determining Concentrations with Physical Units
10.5.2 Problems: Solutions Chemistry with Chemical Units
10.5.3 Problems: Dilution of Solution
10.5.4 Problems: Chemical Reactions in Standard Solutions
10.5.5 Problems: Colligative Properties (Part 1)
10.5.6 Problems: Colligative Properties (Part 2)
11.1.1 The Laws of Thermodynamics
11.2.1 Standard States of Chemical Substances
11.3.1 Chemical Equilibrium
11.4.1 Chemical Equilibria and the Equilibrium Constant
11.5.1 Le Chatelier’s Principle
12.1.1 Acid & Base Chemistry
12.2.1 Water Ionization
12.3.1 Water Splitting & Buffers in Solution
12.4.1 Polyprotic Acids & Titration Experiments
12.5.1 Problems: Acids & Bases and Ionization of Acids & Bases
12.5.2 Problems: Hydrolysis & Polyprotic Acids
12.5.3 Problems: Buffers, Indicators, and Titration
13.1.1 Solubility Products & Precipitates
13.2.1 Problems: Complex Ions, Solubility, and Precipitation: Part 1
13.2.2 Problems: Complex Ions, Solubility, and Precipitation: Part 2
14.1.1 Chemical Kinetics – Reaction Rates, Rate Constants, and Order of Reactions
14.2.1 Activation Energy
14.3.1 Reaction Mechanisms & Energetics
14.4.1 Problems: Rate Constants, Order of Reaction, and Activation Energy
15.1.1 Electrochemistry – Electricity & Current
15.2.1 Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis
15.3.1 Voltaic-Galvanic Cells
15.3.2 Standard Cell Potentials
15.3.3 Combining Half-Cell Reactions
15.4.2 Spontaneous REDOX
15.4.3 Electrolysis-Electrode Reactions
15.5.1 Problems: Electrical Units, Faraday's Electrolysis Laws, Voltaic Cells, and Electrode Dynamics (Part 1)
15.5.2 Problems: Electrical Units, Faraday's Electrolysis Laws, Voltaic Cells, and Electrode Dynamics (Part 2)
16.1.1 Nuclear Chemistry
16.2.1 E=mc^2
16.3.1 Writing & Balancing Nuclear Equations
16.4.1 Radiochemistry
16.5.1 Problems: Nuclear Particles & Nuclear Reactions
16.5.2 Problems: Radioactive Half-Life Part 1
16.5.3 Problems: Radioactive Half-Life Part 2
16.5.4 Problems: Radioactive Half-Life Part 3
16.5.5 Nuclear Binding Energy & E = mc^2
1.1 Lewis Structures
1.2 Formal Charges
1.3 Resonance
1.4 Hybridization
2.1 Structure and Bonding Properties
2.2 Acidity and Basicity
2.3 Ranking Acids
3.1 Hydrocarbons
3.2 Substituents
3.3 Functional Groups
4.1 Chirality
4.2 R and S Configurations
4.3 Isomers
4.4 Optical Activity
5.1 Confirmational Analysis
5.2 Newman Projections
5.3 Confirmations of Alkanes
6.1 Naming Alkanes
6.2 Naming with Halogen Substituents
6.3 Naming Alkenes
6.4 Naming Alkynes
6.5 Naming Cyclic Rings
6.6 Naming Functional Groups
6.7 Naming with R and S
7.1 Mechanism Review
7.2 SN 1 and SN 2
7.3 E1 and E2
7.4 Distinguishing Mechanisms
8.1 Alkene Reactions
8.2 Alkene Practice and Synthesis
9 Free Radical Halogenation
10.1 Alkyne Reactions
10.2 Alkyne Practice and Synthesis
11.1 Alcohol Reactions
11.2 Alcohol Practice and Synthesis
11.3 Formation of Alcohols
12 Ether Reactions
13 Epoxide Reactions
14 Reduction Reactions
15.1 Aromaticity
15.2 Benzene
16.1 H-NMR
16.2 C-NMR
16.3 IR Spectroscopy
16.4 Mass Spectrometry
17 Ketone and Aldehyde Reactions
18 Amine Reactions
19.1 Carboxylic Acids
19.2 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
20 Alkyl Halide Reactions
21 Diel-Alder Reaction
22 Condensations of Carbonyl Compounds
23 Carbohydrates
24 Amino Acids
25 Polymers
26 Lipids
1. What is reading comprehension?
2. General test taking tips
3. The major types of questions
4. Vocabulary questions
5. Time and Sequence questions
6. Fact and Opinion questions
7. Not and Except questions
8. Qualifying words
9. Inferences and Prediction
10. Analysis
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13. Cause and Effect
14. Compare and Contrast
15. The author’s point of view
16. Tone
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18. Tips: Multiple Choice questions
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