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Estimated MCAT Score for the “Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems” section: 118
Just know, when you truly want success, you’ll never give up on it. No matter how bad the situation may get. Keep your head up and keep on fighting!
Also, don’t focus on your estimated score, they mean essentially nothing at the start. Rarely does anyone start these exams and score well immediately, if that was the case then they wouldn’t even need to practice! These are ‘practice’ tests, meaning you’re practicing to improve your skills. If you continue to work hard and study, read and understand the solutions, practice questions daily, and give it your best effort, we promise your score will improve. Review and learn for now, and the scores will come. Upgrade your membership to get instant access to all of our MCAT Material to help you ace your exam.
Estimated MCAT Score for the “Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems” section: 119
Just know, when you truly want success, you’ll never give up on it. No matter how bad the situation may get. Keep your head up and keep on fighting!
Also, don’t focus on your estimated score, they mean essentially nothing at the start. Rarely does anyone start these exams and score well immediately, if that was the case then they wouldn’t even need to practice! These are ‘practice’ tests, meaning you’re practicing to improve your skills. If you continue to work hard and study, read and understand the solutions, practice questions daily, and give it your best effort, we promise your score will improve. Review and learn for now, and the scores will come. Upgrade your membership to get instant access to all of our MCAT Material to help you ace your exam.
Estimated MCAT Score for the “Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems” section: 120
Just know, when you truly want success, you’ll never give up on it. No matter how bad the situation may get. Keep your head up and keep on fighting!
Also, don’t focus on your estimated score, they mean essentially nothing at the start. Rarely does anyone start these exams and score well immediately, if that was the case then they wouldn’t even need to practice! These are ‘practice’ tests, meaning you’re practicing to improve your skills. If you continue to work hard and study, read and understand the solutions, practice questions daily, and give it your best effort, we promise your score will improve. Review and learn for now, and the scores will come. Upgrade your membership to get instant access to all of our MCAT Material to help you ace your exam.
Estimated MCAT Score for the “Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems” section: 121
Just know, when you truly want success, you’ll never give up on it. No matter how bad the situation may get. Keep your head up and keep on fighting!
Also, don’t focus on your estimated score, they mean essentially nothing at the start. Rarely does anyone start these exams and score well immediately, if that was the case then they wouldn’t even need to practice! These are ‘practice’ tests, meaning you’re practicing to improve your skills. If you continue to work hard and study, read and understand the solutions, practice questions daily, and give it your best effort, we promise your score will improve. Review and learn for now, and the scores will come. Upgrade your membership to get instant access to all of our MCAT Material to help you ace your exam.
Estimated MCAT Score for the “Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems” section: 122
Just know, when you truly want success, you’ll never give up on it. No matter how bad the situation may get. Learn from your mistakes so you don’t repeat them on the next exam. Keep your head up and keep on fighting! Pretty soon you’ll see your scores go up from here!
Also, don’t focus on your estimated score, they mean essentially nothing at the start. Rarely does anyone start these exams and score well immediately, if that was the case then they wouldn’t even need to practice! These are ‘practice’ tests, meaning you’re practicing to improve your skills. If you continue to work hard and study, read and understand the solutions, practice questions daily, and give it your best effort, we promise your score will improve. Review and learn for now, and the scores will come. Upgrade your membership to get instant access to all of our MCAT Material to help you ace your exam.
Estimated MCAT Score for the “Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems” section: 123
Just know, when you truly want success, you’ll never give up on it. No matter how bad the situation may get. Keep your head up and keep on fighting! What is one thing you’ll do different on the next test?
Also, don’t focus on your estimated score, they mean essentially nothing at the start. Rarely does anyone start these exams and score well immediately, if that was the case then they wouldn’t even need to practice! These are ‘practice’ tests, meaning you’re practicing to improve your skills. If you continue to work hard and study, read and understand the solutions, practice questions daily, and give it your best effort, we promise your score will improve. Review and learn for now, and the scores will come. Upgrade your membership to get instant access to all of our MCAT Material to help you ace your exam.
Estimated MCAT Score for the “Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems” section: 124
You’re on the right track. Take your time to reflect on your performance and how you can improve your scores the next time around. Carefully review these solutions, learn from your mistakes and understand the intricacies of each question. You’re going in the correct direction and you’ll only go up from here!
Also, don’t focus on your estimated score, they mean essentially nothing at the start. Rarely does anyone start these exams and score well immediately, if that was the case then they wouldn’t even need to practice! These are ‘practice’ tests, meaning you’re practicing to improve your skills. If you continue to work hard and study, read and understand the solutions, practice questions daily, and give it your best effort, we promise your score will improve. Review and learn for now, and the scores will come. Upgrade your membership to get instant access to all of our MCAT Material to help you ace your exam.
Estimated MCAT Score for the “Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems” section: 125
You’re on the right track. Take your time to reflect on your performance and how you can improve your scores the next time around. Carefully review these solutions, learn from your mistakes and understand the intricacies of each question. You’re going in the correct direction and you’ll only go up from here!
Also, don’t focus on your estimated score, they mean essentially nothing at the start. Rarely does anyone start these exams and score well immediately, if that was the case then they wouldn’t even need to practice! These are ‘practice’ tests, meaning you’re practicing to improve your skills. If you continue to work hard and study, read and understand the solutions, practice questions daily, and give it your best effort, we promise your score will improve. Review and learn for now, and the scores will come. Upgrade your membership to get instant access to all of our MCAT Material to help you ace your exam.
Estimated MCAT Score for the “Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems” section: 126
You’re on the right track. Take your time to reflect on your performance and how you can improve your scores the next time around. Carefully review these solutions, learn from your mistakes and understand the intricacies of each question. You’re going in the correct direction and you’ll only go up from here!
Also, don’t focus on your estimated score, they mean essentially nothing at the start. Rarely does anyone start these exams and score well immediately, if that was the case then they wouldn’t even need to practice! These are ‘practice’ tests, meaning you’re practicing to improve your skills. If you continue to work hard and study, read and understand the solutions, practice questions daily, and give it your best effort, we promise your score will improve. Review and learn for now, and the scores will come. Upgrade your membership to get instant access to all of our MCAT Material to help you ace your exam.
Estimated MCAT Score for the “Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems” section: 127
Great job! You are really getting to where you need to be. Keep it going! Sit down and reflect and learn from what prevented you from getting a 128. Keep on working on it and you’ll soon see your score hit 127+. Take your time in understanding your mistakes and in carefully reviewing these solutions and understanding the intricacies of each question. Your goal should be to beat your 127 on the next test!
Also, don’t focus on your estimated score, they mean essentially nothing at the start. Rarely does anyone start these exams and score well immediately, if that was the case then they wouldn’t even need to practice! These are ‘practice’ tests, meaning you’re practicing to improve your skills. If you continue to work hard and study, read and understand the solutions, practice questions daily, and give it your best effort, we promise your score will improve. Review and learn for now, and the scores will come. Upgrade your membership to get instant access to all of our MCAT Material to help you ace your exam.
Estimated MCAT Score for the “Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems” section: 128
Good going there! You hit 128! Take your time in understanding your mistakes and in carefully reviewing these solutions and understanding the intricacies of each question. Your goal should be to beat your 128 on the next test!
Also, don’t focus on your estimated score, they mean essentially nothing at the start. Rarely does anyone start these exams and score well immediately, if that was the case then they wouldn’t even need to practice! These are ‘practice’ tests, meaning you’re practicing to improve your skills. If you continue to work hard and study, read and understand the solutions, practice questions daily, and give it your best effort, we promise your score will improve. Review and learn for now, and the scores will come. Upgrade your membership to get instant access to all of our MCAT Material to help you ace your exam.
Estimated MCAT Score for the “Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems” section: 129
Impressive! You’re a super star!
Also, don’t focus on your estimated score, they mean essentially nothing at the start. Rarely does anyone start these exams and score well immediately, if that was the case then they wouldn’t even need to practice! These are ‘practice’ tests, meaning you’re practicing to improve your skills. If you continue to work hard and study, read and understand the solutions, practice questions daily, and give it your best effort, we promise your score will improve. Review and learn for now, and the scores will come. Upgrade your membership to get instant access to all of our MCAT Material to help you ace your exam.
Estimated MCAT Score for the “Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems” section: 130
Awesome job! Learn from your mistakes and strategize on how you’ll beat your 130!
Also, don’t focus on your estimated score, they mean essentially nothing at the start. Rarely does anyone start these exams and score well immediately, if that was the case then they wouldn’t even need to practice! These are ‘practice’ tests, meaning you’re practicing to improve your skills. If you continue to work hard and study, read and understand the solutions, practice questions daily, and give it your best effort, we promise your score will improve. Review and learn for now, and the scores will come. Upgrade your membership to get instant access to all of our MCAT Material to help you ace your exam.
Estimated MCAT Score for the “Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems” section: 131
Impressive! You’re a super star!
Also, don’t focus on your estimated score, they mean essentially nothing at the start. Rarely does anyone start these exams and score well immediately, if that was the case then they wouldn’t even need to practice! These are ‘practice’ tests, meaning you’re practicing to improve your skills. If you continue to work hard and study, read and understand the solutions, practice questions daily, and give it your best effort, we promise your score will improve. Review and learn for now, and the scores will come. Upgrade your membership to get instant access to all of our MCAT Material to help you ace your exam.
Estimated MCAT Score for the “Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems” section: 132
You are a rockstar! We tip our hats to you!
Also, don’t focus on your estimated score, they mean essentially nothing at the start. Rarely does anyone start these exams and score well immediately, if that was the case then they wouldn’t even need to practice! These are ‘practice’ tests, meaning you’re practicing to improve your skills. If you continue to work hard and study, read and understand the solutions, practice questions daily, and give it your best effort, we promise your score will improve. Review and learn for now, and the scores will come. Upgrade your membership to get instant access to all of our MCAT Material to help you ace your exam.
Passage #1:
[textwrap]Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that manifests itself in the walls of the blood vessels. It has been established that both the antibody and cell-mediated arms of the immune system are present in this disease. Additionally, Kawasaki Disease (KD) is a multisystem inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. Currently it is the leading cause of non-congenital heart disease among children.
The following study was performed to investigate the possibility that Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE)-induced Kawasaki Disease (KD) quickens atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. For the experimental components of the study Apoe−/− and Ldlr−/− mice were injected with LCWE (KD mice), fed high fat diet for 8 weeks and then assessed. The evaluation involved measuring the presence of atherosclerotic lesions in multiple regions of the aorta. To elucidate the details of the immune system’s involvement, serum concentration levels of multiple proatherogenic cytokines were measured in the mice that developed atherosclerosis at an unusual rate.
Figure 1. Experimental design
Figure 2. Aorta lesion coverage and representative Oil Red O staining from Apoe−/− KD and Apoe−/− non-KD mice.
Figure 3. Serum concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12p40 obtained at the end of the high fat diet.
Additional studies by the investigators revealed that daily injections of the molecule interleukin 1Ra (IL-1Ra), which inhibits LCWE induced KD vasculitis, prevented the acceleration of atherosclerosis formation.
[/textwrap]
1) Which of the following would support the researchers’ hypothesis for this study?
Answer: A
Foundational Concept: 3
Content Category: 3B
Skill: 3
The study was performed to see whether or not “induced Kawasaki Disease (KD) quickens atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice”. If KD exposure in children led to early atherosclerosis in adults, this would support the study hypothesis and objective which are centered on showing that KD quickens the development of atherosclerosis in the mouse model.
[wp_lightbox_embed_protected_s3_video name=”videos/bio/Bio Test 1 Q 34.mp4″ bucket=”mcatcracker” width=”” height=””]
Answer: A
Foundational Concept: 3
Content Category: 3B
Skill: 3
The study was performed to see whether or not “induced Kawasaki Disease (KD) quickens atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice”. If KD exposure in children led to early atherosclerosis in adults, this would support the study hypothesis and objective which are centered on showing that KD quickens the development of atherosclerosis in the mouse model.
[wp_lightbox_embed_protected_s3_video name=”videos/bio/Bio Test 1 Q 34.mp4″ bucket=”mcatcracker” width=”” height=””]
Passage #1:
[textwrap]Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that manifests itself in the walls of the blood vessels. It has been established that both the antibody and cell-mediated arms of the immune system are present in this disease. Additionally, Kawasaki Disease (KD) is a multisystem inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. Currently it is the leading cause of non-congenital heart disease among children.
The following study was performed to investigate the possibility that Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE)-induced Kawasaki Disease (KD) quickens atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. For the experimental components of the study Apoe−/− and Ldlr−/− mice were injected with LCWE (KD mice), fed high fat diet for 8 weeks and then assessed. The evaluation involved measuring the presence of atherosclerotic lesions in multiple regions of the aorta. To elucidate the details of the immune system’s involvement, serum concentration levels of multiple proatherogenic cytokines were measured in the mice that developed atherosclerosis at an unusual rate.
Figure 1. Experimental design
Figure 2. Aorta lesion coverage and representative Oil Red O staining from Apoe−/− KD and Apoe−/− non-KD mice.
Figure 3. Serum concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12p40 obtained at the end of the high fat diet.
Additional studies by the investigators revealed that daily injections of the molecule interleukin 1Ra (IL-1Ra), which inhibits LCWE induced KD vasculitis, prevented the acceleration of atherosclerosis formation.
[/textwrap]
2) The molecule shown below is most likely found in which region of the cell?
Answer: B
Foundational Concept: 2
Content Category: 2A
Skill: 2
The molecule shown is cholesterol, and it is embedded in the plasma membrane of the eukaryotic cell.
[wp_lightbox_embed_protected_s3_video name=”videos/bio/Bio Test 1 Q 35.mp4″ bucket=”mcatcracker” width=”” height=””]
Answer: B
Foundational Concept: 2
Content Category: 2A
Skill: 2
The molecule shown is cholesterol, and it is embedded in the plasma membrane of the eukaryotic cell.
[wp_lightbox_embed_protected_s3_video name=”videos/bio/Bio Test 1 Q 35.mp4″ bucket=”mcatcracker” width=”” height=””]
Passage #1:
[textwrap]Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that manifests itself in the walls of the blood vessels. It has been established that both the antibody and cell-mediated arms of the immune system are present in this disease. Additionally, Kawasaki Disease (KD) is a multisystem inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. Currently it is the leading cause of non-congenital heart disease among children.
The following study was performed to investigate the possibility that Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE)-induced Kawasaki Disease (KD) quickens atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. For the experimental components of the study Apoe−/− and Ldlr−/− mice were injected with LCWE (KD mice), fed high fat diet for 8 weeks and then assessed. The evaluation involved measuring the presence of atherosclerotic lesions in multiple regions of the aorta. To elucidate the details of the immune system’s involvement, serum concentration levels of multiple proatherogenic cytokines were measured in the mice that developed atherosclerosis at an unusual rate.
Figure 1. Experimental design
Figure 2. Aorta lesion coverage and representative Oil Red O staining from Apoe−/− KD and Apoe−/− non-KD mice.
Figure 3. Serum concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12p40 obtained at the end of the high fat diet.
Additional studies by the investigators revealed that daily injections of the molecule interleukin 1Ra (IL-1Ra), which inhibits LCWE induced KD vasculitis, prevented the acceleration of atherosclerosis formation.
[/textwrap]
3) The lack of information on the outcome of the trials in Ldlr−/− mice suggests that
Answer: B
Foundational Concept: 3
Content Category: 3B
Skill: 3
Although the Ldrl mice are mentioned, there is no data presented. This implies that these mice did not perform any differently from the control mice in the study. This is supported by the following statement at the end of the second paragraph in the passage: “To elucidate the details of the immune system’s involvement, serum concentration levels of multiple proatherogenic cytokines were measured in the mice that developed atherosclerosis at an unusual rate”.
[wp_lightbox_embed_protected_s3_video name=”videos/bio/Bio Test 1 Q 36.mp4″ bucket=”mcatcracker” width=”” height=””]
Answer: B
Foundational Concept: 3
Content Category: 3B
Skill: 3
Although the Ldrl mice are mentioned, there is no data presented. This implies that these mice did not perform any differently from the control mice in the study. This is supported by the following statement at the end of the second paragraph in the passage: “To elucidate the details of the immune system’s involvement, serum concentration levels of multiple proatherogenic cytokines were measured in the mice that developed atherosclerosis at an unusual rate”.
[wp_lightbox_embed_protected_s3_video name=”videos/bio/Bio Test 1 Q 36.mp4″ bucket=”mcatcracker” width=”” height=””]
Passage #1:
[textwrap]Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that manifests itself in the walls of the blood vessels. It has been established that both the antibody and cell-mediated arms of the immune system are present in this disease. Additionally, Kawasaki Disease (KD) is a multisystem inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. Currently it is the leading cause of non-congenital heart disease among children.
The following study was performed to investigate the possibility that Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE)-induced Kawasaki Disease (KD) quickens atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. For the experimental components of the study Apoe−/− and Ldlr−/− mice were injected with LCWE (KD mice), fed high fat diet for 8 weeks and then assessed. The evaluation involved measuring the presence of atherosclerotic lesions in multiple regions of the aorta. To elucidate the details of the immune system’s involvement, serum concentration levels of multiple proatherogenic cytokines were measured in the mice that developed atherosclerosis at an unusual rate.
Figure 1. Experimental design
Figure 2. Aorta lesion coverage and representative Oil Red O staining from Apoe−/− KD and Apoe−/− non-KD mice.
Figure 3. Serum concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12p40 obtained at the end of the high fat diet.
Additional studies by the investigators revealed that daily injections of the molecule interleukin 1Ra (IL-1Ra), which inhibits LCWE induced KD vasculitis, prevented the acceleration of atherosclerosis formation.
[/textwrap]
4) Atherosclerosis promotes the formation of localized blood clots that dislodge themselves and travel to various regions of the body. This type of blood clot is referred to as a(n)
Answer: B
Foundational Concept: 3
Content Category: 3B
Skill: 1
Traveling blood clots are referred to as emboli (B), while stationary clots are called thrombi (A). An infarction (D) is the death of a group of cells, and an aneurysm (C) is a blood-filled bulge on the wall of a blood vessel.
[wp_lightbox_embed_protected_s3_video name=”videos/bio/Bio Test 1 Q 37.mp4″ bucket=”mcatcracker” width=”” height=””]
Answer: B
Foundational Concept: 3
Content Category: 3B
Skill: 1
Traveling blood clots are referred to as emboli (B), while stationary clots are called thrombi (A). An infarction (D) is the death of a group of cells, and an aneurysm (C) is a blood-filled bulge on the wall of a blood vessel.
[wp_lightbox_embed_protected_s3_video name=”videos/bio/Bio Test 1 Q 37.mp4″ bucket=”mcatcracker” width=”” height=””]
5) The epiglottis is a small flap that covers the entrance of the larynx. It closes when a person swallows, and remains open at other times to facilitate ventilation. What type of material is the epiglottis made of?
Answer: B
Foundational Concept: 3
Content Category: 3B
Skill: 1
In this situation, the unvaccinated individuals do not have immunity towards the pathogen. Rather, they are being protected from infection because the vaccinated individuals prevent the pathogen from spreading. This phenomenon is referred to as herd immunity (B), and the correct response is (B). Innate immunity (D) is present at birth, and it responds the same way to all pathogens. Adaptive immunity (C) is the memory component of the immune system that remembers specific pathogens, and responds to them on an individual basis. Passive immunity (A) is developed by the reception of antibodies from one person to another.
[wp_lightbox_embed_protected_s3_video name=”videos/bio/Bio Test 1 Q 38.mp4″ bucket=”mcatcracker” width=”” height=””]
Answer: B
Foundational Concept: 3
Content Category: 3B
Skill: 1
In this situation, the unvaccinated individuals do not have immunity towards the pathogen. Rather, they are being protected from infection because the vaccinated individuals prevent the pathogen from spreading. This phenomenon is referred to as herd immunity (B), and the correct response is (B). Innate immunity (D) is present at birth, and it responds the same way to all pathogens. Adaptive immunity (C) is the memory component of the immune system that remembers specific pathogens, and responds to them on an individual basis. Passive immunity (A) is developed by the reception of antibodies from one person to another.
[wp_lightbox_embed_protected_s3_video name=”videos/bio/Bio Test 1 Q 38.mp4″ bucket=”mcatcracker” width=”” height=””]
6) The process by which unvaccinated members of a community develop immunity towards a pathogen by interacting with vaccinated members of the community is called
Answer: B
Foundational Concept: 3
Content Category: 3B
Skill: 1
In this situation, the unvaccinated individuals do not have immunity towards the pathogen. Rather, they are being protected from infection because the vaccinated individuals prevent the pathogen from spreading. This phenomenon is referred to as herd immunity (B), and the correct response is (B). Innate immunity (D) is present at birth, and it responds the same way to all pathogens. Adaptive immunity (C) is the memory component of the immune system that remembers specific pathogens, and responds to them on an individual basis. Passive immunity (A) is developed by the reception of antibodies from one person to another.
[wp_lightbox_embed_protected_s3_video name=”videos/bio/Bio Test 1 Q 39.mp4″ bucket=”mcatcracker” width=”” height=””]
Answer: B
Foundational Concept: 3
Content Category: 3B
Skill: 1
In this situation, the unvaccinated individuals do not have immunity towards the pathogen. Rather, they are being protected from infection because the vaccinated individuals prevent the pathogen from spreading. This phenomenon is referred to as herd immunity (B), and the correct response is (B). Innate immunity (D) is present at birth, and it responds the same way to all pathogens. Adaptive immunity (C) is the memory component of the immune system that remembers specific pathogens, and responds to them on an individual basis. Passive immunity (A) is developed by the reception of antibodies from one person to another.
[wp_lightbox_embed_protected_s3_video name=”videos/bio/Bio Test 1 Q 39.mp4″ bucket=”mcatcracker” width=”” height=””]
7) Cellular metabolism is dependent on endergonic and exergonic reactions. What is the name of the molecule that acts as an energy carrier between endergonic and exergonic reactions in the cell?
Answer: C
Foundational Concept: 1
Content Category: 1D
Skill: 1
As the energy currency of the cell, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the bridge between the endergonic and exergonic reactions in the cell. Endergonic reactions require an input of energy, and ATP supplies it in the form of a phosphate group. During this process, the ATP molecule becomes adenosine diphosphate (ADP). In rare circumstances, the ADP (B) molecule donates a phosphate group to become adenosine monophosphate (AMP). AMP (A) is inert and unable to donate any phosphate groups. Instead it has to be converted back to ATP. Exergonic reactions in the cell release energy in the form of ATP. This ATP is then used to power the endergonic reactions described above. The process is repetitive and it is called the ATP cycle. The correct answer to the question is therefore (C). The glucose molecule has a lot of potential energy, which is converted to ATP by cellular processes such as glycolysis. Glucose however, is not released by exergonic reactions. Glucose 6-phosphate (D) is an intermediate compound in multiple energy-yielding pathways in the cell. Like glucose, it isn’t produced by exergonic reactions.
[wp_lightbox_embed_protected_s3_video name=”videos/bio/Bio Test 1 Q 40.mp4″ bucket=”mcatcracker” width=”” height=””]
Answer: C
Foundational Concept: 1
Content Category: 1D
Skill: 1
As the energy currency of the cell, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the bridge between the endergonic and exergonic reactions in the cell. Endergonic reactions require an input of energy, and ATP supplies it in the form of a phosphate group. During this process, the ATP molecule becomes adenosine diphosphate (ADP). In rare circumstances, the ADP (B) molecule donates a phosphate group to become adenosine monophosphate (AMP). AMP (A) is inert and unable to donate any phosphate groups. Instead it has to be converted back to ATP. Exergonic reactions in the cell release energy in the form of ATP. This ATP is then used to power the endergonic reactions described above. The process is repetitive and it is called the ATP cycle. The correct answer to the question is therefore (C). The glucose molecule has a lot of potential energy, which is converted to ATP by cellular processes such as glycolysis. Glucose however, is not released by exergonic reactions. Glucose 6-phosphate (D) is an intermediate compound in multiple energy-yielding pathways in the cell. Like glucose, it isn’t produced by exergonic reactions.
[wp_lightbox_embed_protected_s3_video name=”videos/bio/Bio Test 1 Q 40.mp4″ bucket=”mcatcracker” width=”” height=””]
8) The female egg is the largest cell inside the human body. On average, eukaryotic cells measure
Answer: C
Foundational Concept: 2
Content Category: 2A
Skill: 1
Cells are extremely small structures, but by working cohesively and organizing themselves into tissues they are able to function at extremely high levels. Most eukaryotic cells are larger than 10 nm (A), and this is the range for macromolecules such as DNA. Eukaryotic cells are also larger than 10-100 nm (B), which is the range for proteins and viruses. Eukaryotic cells range in size from 10-100 μm and the correct answer is (C). Cells are microscopic and therefore cannot be seen with the unaided eye, as would be the case if their diameters were in the millimeter range (D).
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Answer: C
Foundational Concept: 2
Content Category: 2A
Skill: 1
Cells are extremely small structures, but by working cohesively and organizing themselves into tissues they are able to function at extremely high levels. Most eukaryotic cells are larger than 10 nm (A), and this is the range for macromolecules such as DNA. Eukaryotic cells are also larger than 10-100 nm (B), which is the range for proteins and viruses. Eukaryotic cells range in size from 10-100 μm and the correct answer is (C). Cells are microscopic and therefore cannot be seen with the unaided eye, as would be the case if their diameters were in the millimeter range (D).
[wp_lightbox_embed_protected_s3_video name=”videos/bio/Bio Test 1 Q 41.mp4″ bucket=”mcatcracker” width=”” height=””]
9) Neurons inside the human brain release chemical molecules that allow them to communicate intercellularly. The space between two neighbouring neurons in which they can release these chemical signals is referred to as the
Answer: B
Foundational Concept: 3
Content Category: 3A
Skill: 1
Neurons release neurotransmitters, which are chemical molecules that allow them to communicate with each other. These neurotransmitters are released at the synaptic cleft or space between two neurons, and the correct answer is (B). The neuron that releases the neurotransmitter is called the presynaptic neuron, while the neuron that receives the neurotransmitter is called the postsynaptic neuron. Signals are sent from the neuron by the axon region, and the head of the axon is called the axon hillock (D). Gap junctions (A) are channels between two cells that allow them to share their nutrients and molecules. A somite is a body segment of a developing embryo (C).
[wp_lightbox_embed_protected_s3_video name=”videos/bio/Bio Test 1 Q 42.mp4″ bucket=”mcatcracker” width=”” height=””]
Answer: B
Foundational Concept: 3
Content Category: 3A
Skill: 1
Neurons release neurotransmitters, which are chemical molecules that allow them to communicate with each other. These neurotransmitters are released at the synaptic cleft or space between two neurons, and the correct answer is (B). The neuron that releases the neurotransmitter is called the presynaptic neuron, while the neuron that receives the neurotransmitter is called the postsynaptic neuron. Signals are sent from the neuron by the axon region, and the head of the axon is called the axon hillock (D). Gap junctions (A) are channels between two cells that allow them to share their nutrients and molecules. A somite is a body segment of a developing embryo (C).
[wp_lightbox_embed_protected_s3_video name=”videos/bio/Bio Test 1 Q 42.mp4″ bucket=”mcatcracker” width=”” height=””]
